Surface Plasmon Resonance Assay Services for Drug Discovery

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is a highly sensitive technique for accurate analysis of the interactions of two biomolecules with respect to binding kinetics and affinity as well as binding specificity.

To perform SPR assays, Reaction Biology is equipped with two state-of-the-art Biacore 8K and two 8K+ instruments with high-throughput compound screening capability and extraordinary detection sensitivity. We perform high-throughput fragment screening, kinetics and affinity determination, binding specificity profiling and antibody characterization, etc.

Reaction Biology provides project-tailored solutions to assure the highest chance of success in biomolecular interaction research using SPR services by using a broad biophysics knowledge base and excellent instrument coverage.

The SPR binding assay is suitable to advance any analyte including fragments, antibodies, peptides, nucleic acids against any target class including enzymes and non-active proteins
SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 receptor binding assay is available here
Deliverables: association rate constant kon, dissociation rate constant koff, binding affinity KD

Our experts have extensive expertise in analyzing and resolving surface plasmon resonance challenges with ‘difficult to test’ proteins. The assay is carried out at Malvern, Pennsylvania, in the United States and performed on a first-come, first-serve basis.

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SPR Binding Assay Principle

SPR analysis is an optical method measuring changes in the mass of biomolecules immobilized on a metal film. Upon binding an analyte, the refractive index of the metal film changes, resulting in a changed reflection angle of light (the surface plasmon resonance phenomenon). SPR binding assays are widely used in drug discovery, from fragment screening through analyte ranking and in-depth kinetic characterization.

surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay principle light beam reflects on glass prism and shift in reflection angle is produced by molecules binding to the surface

List of Surface Plasmon Resonance Assays

Target	HGNC Symbol	Synonyms	Data
ACE2	ACE2	Angiotensin I converting enzyme 2	Data sheet
B-cell lymphoma-2	BCL2	BCL-2	Data sheet
Bcl-2-like protein 1 isoform L	BCL2L1	BCL-XL	Data sheet
Bcl-2-like protein 2	BCL2L2	BCLW, KIAA0271	Data sheet
BRD2-1	BRD2	O27.1.1, Really interesting new gene 3 protein	Data sheet
BRD2-2	BRD2	O27.1.1, Really interesting new gene 3 protein	Data sheet
BRD3-1	BRD3	RING3-like protein	Data sheet
BRD3-2	BRD3	RING3-like protein	Data sheet
BRD4-1	BRD4	Bromodomain containing 4, domain 1	Data sheet
BRD4-2	BRD4	Bromodomain containing 4, domain 2	Data sheet
BRDT-1	BRDT	Cancer/testis antigen 9, RING3-like protein	Data sheet
Cereblon CULT Domain	CRBN	MRT2, MRT2A	Data sheet
cGAS	CGAS	Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase, fragment	Data sheet
cGAS (aa 157-522)	CGAS	Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase, fragment	Data sheet
CREB-binding protein	CREBBP	Histone lysine acetyltransferase CREBBP, Protein-lysine acetyltransferase CREBBP	Data sheet
EGFR: wildtype (aa 671-998)	EGFR	Epidermal growth factor receptor, Proto-oncogene c-ErbB-1, Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-1	Data sheet
G9a	EHMT2	Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EHMT2, Euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2, HLA-B-associated transcript 8, Histone H3-K9 methyltransferase 3 (H3-K9-HMTase 3), Lysine N-methyltransferase 1C	Data sheet
H-Ras	HRAS	HRAS, HRAS1	Data sheet
Histone acetyltransferase p300	EP300	EP300, p300	Data sheet
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD2	SETD2	SET2	Data sheet
K-Ras	KRAS	C-K-RAS, CFC2, K-RAS2A, K-RAS2B, K-RAS4A, K-RAS4B, KI-RAS, KRAS1, KRAS2, NS, NS3, RASK2	Data sheet
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	MAPK1	MAPK1, ERT1, ERK2, MAPK 2	Data sheet
N-Ras	NRAS	NRAS, NRAS1	Data sheet
NSD2-SET	NSD2	SET domain of NSD2	Data sheet
Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase	PARG	hPARG111	Data sheet
PRMT1	PRMT1	Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1	Data sheet
PRMT5/MEP50	PRMT5/ WDR77 complex	Protein arginine methyltransferase 5, WD repeat domain 77	Data sheet
SARS-CoV-2 S protein – ACE2 interaction	n.a.	Spike glycoprotein, receptor binding domain; Angiotensin I converting enzyme 2	S protein webpage
SHP2	PTPN11	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11, Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1D (PTP-1D), Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 2C (PTP-2C), SH-PTP2, SH-PTP3	Data sheet
SMARCA2b	SMARCA2	BAF190B, BRM, SNF2L2	Data sheet
SOS1	SOS1	SOS Ras/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1, son of sevenless homolog 1	Data sheet
Cyclophilin A	PPIA	Peptidylprolyl isomerase A	Data sheet
GNMT	GNMT	Glycine N-methyltransferase	Data sheet
HNMT	HNMT	Histamine N-methyltransferase	Data sheet
INMT	INMT	Indolethylamine N-methyltransferase	Data sheet
NNMT	NNMT	Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase	Data sheet
PNMT	PNMT	Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Data sheet
TPMT	TPMT	Thiopurine S-methyltransferase	Data sheet
VHL/EloB/EloC	VHL/ELOB/ELOC	von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor/Elongin B/Elongin C	Data sheet

Additional Information for SPR Binding Assays

Kinetics analysis

Surface plasmon resonance kinetic chart

Kinetic profile of an analyte-target binding reaction.

SPR detects changes in the refractive index at the surface of a sensor chip as a result of molecular mass changes of a target upon binding of the analyte. The target is immobilized to the surface of the sensor chip. During the association phase, the analyte flows over the surface, and binding to the target is monitored. The flow then switches to the running buffer, and the dissociation of the analyte from the target is monitored.

Example: Co-factor anaylsis

example of substrate or co-factor analysis with spr

Example of a co-factor analysis by SPR.

In this example study, we investigated a substrate competitive inhibitor that binds to its target enzyme, PRMT5/MEP50, only in the presence of SAM or SAM analogs such as MTA and SAH. No dose-dependent responses were observed for analyte binding to apoprotein (left figure). The binding to the MTA-bound target is relatively weak (KD~20µM) with fast kinetics (on/off). The binding affinity increased by ~10-fold for the SAH-bound target (KD~2µM). While the on-rates are similar for the MTA- and SAH-bound conditions, the off-rates are approximately 100X slower. The highest affinity (KD~3nM) and slowest off-rate (100x less than SAH-bound) was observed for analyte binding to the SAM-bound target. Single-cycle kinetics, that do not require a return to baseline in between doses, was used due to the slow off-rate observed for this condition. A slower off-rate indicates longer occupancy of the analyte on the target.
The analyte was tested with 7 concentrations depicted in different colors.

Example: Binding affinity

surface plasmon resonance compound screening for binding affinity determination

Example of binding affinity determination of an inhibitor to two bromodomains.

The BD1 or BD2 domain of BRD4 were immobilized to the sensor chip surface. The analyte was applied to the chip surface in increasing concentrations approaching saturation.

Right graph: The relative response at equilibrium for each dose was plotted against the analyte concentration to determine the equilibrium dissociation constant, KD. The analyte is 10-times more selective for BD2 than for BD1.

Screening Details

Instruments: Reaction Biology is equipped with two state-of-the-art Biacore 8K units and one 8K+ unit allowing high-throughput screening with 8 channels (4600 compounds per day) with high sensitivity.

Turnaround time: We strive for a 2 week development time for assays with a new target for screening and 2 weeks for the screening with an established assay. Projects are performed on a first-come-first-serve basis.

Screening location: The assay is performed in Malvern, PA, USA.

Sample requirements: The target can be provided by the client, be one of our off-the-shelf proteins, or be custom-made to the requirements of the client and assay. A purity of 90% or more is recommended.
Please see our FAQ for shipping instructions.

Assay Development

Example Surface Plasmon Resonance workflow of a customized analyte-target binding study:

Sensor chip preparation: Attaching the target to the sensorchip
Assay validation: Testing the behavior of the target on the sensor chip
Assay reproducibility: Testing if the optimized conditions are reproducible
Protein activity and stability on the sensor chip
Analyte testing
- The binding of the test analyte(s) is measured
- For kinetics/affinity determination either a 10 concentration multi-cycle or 5 concentration single-cycle measurement will be used (dependent upon the off-rates and regeneration conditions)
- For screening studies, a single concentration measurement can be used for analyte ranking

Application

SPR – a versatile tool to address many challenges
Target is not an enzyme or unknown substrate	SPR measures the direct binding between analyte and target which is why the target does not need to be an enzyme and no substrate is needed.
Co-factor/competition studies	The impact of various co-factors on analyte-target interaction can be tested.
Fragment-based screening	Low molecular mass fragment compounds (100–300 Da) tend to demonstrate low binding affinity; thus, the compounds require screening at a high concentration. This is better tolerated in the SPR platform than in many biochemical assays.
Antibody screening/ characterization	SPR can be used for antibody affinity determination, determination of kinetic parameters, epitope mapping, binding specificity, and cross-reactivity.
SAR studies	The kinetics of drug binding and unbinding, especially the residence time, play a crucial role in a drug’s in vivo efficacy. SPR can rank the kinetic selectivity of drug analogs for the selection of the best drug candidates.
High-information content	Combining kinetic information with affinity and potency data early in the drug discovery process ensures that promising compounds are not being discarded.
Elimination of promiscuous binders	Promiscuous binders, which appear as false positives in biochemical inhibitor assays, can be identified by SPR when used as the secondary screening technology.
Plasma protein binding	SPR-based assays are sensitive high-throughout options to accurately measure plasma protein binding of analytes.