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NanoBRET Assay Services

NanoBRET TE Intracellular Kinase Assay

Measure compound binding across our full kinase panel breadth in live cells

Quantify intracellular target engagement, selectivity, and residence time across 392 validated kinase targets, from single targets to our full 192-kinase K192 panel, using Promega NanoBRET technology.

Understanding NanoBRET Target Engagement

NanoBRET is a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay that measures whether a compound engages its intended kinase target inside a living cell rather than in a test tube. The kinase of interest is expressed as a fusion with NanoLuc luciferase, and a cell-permeable fluorescent tracer reversibly occupies the same binding site, producing a baseline BRET signal that a test compound displaces in proportion to how much of the target it occupies.

Because the assay runs in intact cells, it captures what biochemical binding assays cannot: whether a compound crosses the plasma membrane, how it performs under physiological ATP and ion conditions, and how long it stays bound once inside. Reaction Biology runs NanoBRET across one of the broadest validated kinase panel libraries available, from single targets to full kinome-wide screening, so programs can move from early selectivity triage through focused resistance-mutation profiling on one platform.

How NanoBRET Works

  • Kinase of interest is expressed as a NanoLuc luciferase fusion via transient transfection into HEK293 cells; no stable cell line required
  • Test compound is added and, if it enters the cell and binds the target, competitively displaces the tracer, producing a dose-dependent decrease in signal
  • Signal loss converts directly to apparent intracellular affinity, fractional occupancy, and, on request, residence time
  • One tracer covers many targets within a family, so a single assay format scales from a single kinase to a 192-kinase panel
See all targets

Panel Portfolio

K192 Kinome-Wide Panel

192 full-length kinases individually expressed and screened at a single concentration in duplicate, giving a broad primary read on selectivity across the kinome before hits move into dose-response follow-up.

CDK Panel

20 clinically relevant CDK-cyclin pairs run in 10-dose IC50 duplicate, purpose-built for assessing selectivity and residence time across the CDK family in around 4 weeks.

PIK3CA (PI3K-alpha) Mutant Panel

33 clinically relevant PIK3CA hotspot mutants paired with PIK3R1, resolving how resistance mutations shift compound potency relative to wild type.

MET Mutant Panel

14 MET variants including D1228, T1173I, and Y1230A resistance mutations, run alongside wild-type MET for direct potency comparison.

ABL1 Mutant Panel

9 ABL1 variants including the T315I gatekeeper mutation, supporting resistance-profiling programs in CML and Ph+ ALL.

KIT Mutant Panel

8 KIT variants spanning juxtamembrane and activation-loop mutations relevant to GIST and systemic mastocytosis programs.

FLT3 Mutant Panel

7 FLT3 variants including D835 and ITD-relevant point mutations for AML-focused resistance profiling.

TEK (TIE2) Mutant Panel

7 TEK variants for angiogenesis and vascular malformation research, including the A1124V and Y897 mutants.

PKC (PRKC) Panel

6 conventional and novel PKC isoforms (alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, gamma, theta) in one panel for isoform-selectivity assessment.

NanoBRET Mechanism

Test compound binding displaces the fluorescent tracer from the NanoLuc-kinase fusion, decreasing the BRET signal in proportion to target occupancy.

Platform Advantages

Validated Breadth

407 targets, each individually benchmarked with reference inhibitors before it reaches the catalog, so panel data is comparable across the full library rather than assembled from mixed validation standards.

Wild-Type and Mutant, Same Background

Curated mutant panels (ABL1, FLT3, KIT, MET, PIK3CA) run in the same HEK293 background as their wild-type counterparts, isolating the potency shift attributable to the resistance mutation itself.

Direct Binding, Not Inferred Stabilization

NanoBRET reports apparent intracellular affinity, fractional occupancy, and residence time from direct tracer displacement, rather than inferring engagement from a protein-stabilization proxy.

Custom and Novel-Target Onboarding

Targets outside the standard catalog can be built from a client-supplied probe or tracer submitted for evaluation, extending coverage beyond the fixed target list.

Confirmatory Continuity

Results connect directly to our Cellular Phosphorylation Assay for activity confirmation and BaF3 Cell Proliferation Assay for functional readout, without switching platforms.

Screening Formats

Applications and Case Studies

  • DDR1 Inhibition Study
  • BTK Residence Time Analysis
  • Assay Reproducibility (DDR1)
DDR1 Inhibition Study

Assay principle: Measures compound binding to a NanoLuc-kinase fusion via competitive tracer displacement in intact cells.

Goal: Characterize inhibition of DDR1 by an ATP-competitive tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

Setup: HEK293 cells transiently expressing NanoLuc-DDR1 were seeded in 384-well plates and treated with Tracer K-4 and compound for 1 hour. BRET signal was read on an EnVision 2104 multilabel plate reader.

BTK Residence Time Analysis

Assay principle: Measures how long a compound remains bound to its target after an unbound drug is washed out, using kinetic tracer re-association.

Goal: Compare residence time of dasatinib and ibrutinib on BTK.

Setup: HEK293 cells expressing BTK-NanoLuc were treated with DMSO, 250 nM dasatinib, or 1 uM ibrutinib for 2 hours, washed to remove unbound drug, then dosed with kinase tracer K10. NanoBRET was recorded kinetically on an EnVision 2104. Koff values were fit using a one-phase exponential association model in GraphPad Prism.

Assay Reproducibility (DDR1)

Assay principle: Demonstrates assay window and Z’-factor consistency across replicate runs.

Goal: Confirm reproducibility of the DDR1 NanoBRET assay at standard screening conditions.

Setup: 4,000 cells per well in 384-well format, 1-hour compound treatment, 0.0625 uM K4 tracer. DMSO served as negative control; a reference compound was run in every project alongside IC50 determination.

Frequently asked questions

What is a NanoBRET assay?

NanoBRET is a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assay that measures compound binding to a kinase target inside live cells. A test compound competitively displaces a fluorescent tracer bound to a NanoLuc luciferase-kinase fusion, and the resulting signal loss is proportional to target occupancy.

How many targets does Reaction Biology's NanoBRET panel cover?

407 validated kinase targets, each benchmarked with a reference inhibitor. Targets are available individually or across nine panels, including our 192-kinase K192 primary screening panel and focused mutant panels for ABL1, FLT3, KIT, MET, PIK3CA, PKC, and TEK.

What's the difference between the K192 panel and the focused mutant panels?

K192 screens 192 kinases at a single concentration in duplicate, giving broad selectivity coverage across the kinome for early-stage triage. The focused mutant panels (ABL1, FLT3, KIT, MET, PIK3CA, TEK) run in 10-dose IC50 duplicate against a specific target family, suited for resistance-mutation profiling once a program has a defined target of interest.

Can I test a target that isn't on the current list?

Yes. Submit a compound-specific tracer or probe for evaluation and our team will assess feasibility for adding it to your project.

What is residence time and why does it matter?

Residence time is how long a compound stays bound to its target after an unbound drug is removed. Two compounds with similar potency can have very different residence times, and longer residence time often correlates with more durable pharmacological effect in cells. Residence time analysis is available on request for any listed target.

What is the typical turnaround time?

Single targets and focused mutant panels typically report in 2 to 3 weeks; the CDK Panel (20 targets) and K192 Panel (192 targets) typically complete in around 4 weeks. Expedited scheduling is available on request. New or custom targets require approximately 2 weeks for assay establishment before compound testing begins.

Where is NanoBRET testing performed?

Requests are triaged through our Malvern, PA, USA facility by default. Clients requiring EU-based execution can arrange technology transfer to our Freiburg, Germany site.

How much compound do I need to submit?

Typically 50 to 100 uL of a 10 to 50 mM DMSO stock, or 2 to 3 mg of solid material. See our FAQ page for full compound preparation and shipping guidance.

Can NanoBRET assay be used to evaluate non-ATP competitive inhibitors, such as type II, III, IV /or allosteric kinase inhibitors?

NanoBRET assays can be used to evaluate allosteric kinase inhibitors. However, assay sensitivity and suitability can vary depending on tracer selection and vector design. Because NanoBRET tracers are typically developed from Type I ATP‑competitive inhibitors, their responsiveness to non‑ATP‑site binders depends on whether allosteric binding induces a conformational change that decreases ATP‑site tracer affinity. Under those conditions, NanoBRET can effectively assess allosteric kinase inhibitors, including Type II, III, and IV inhibitors.